Caulerpa going sexual - 22/03/06
Hi, here again requesting help.
<Hello Edwin. John here with you this morning.>
Have kept a 10gal refugium under my 55gal aquarium for almost 2 years. Have used feather and grape Caulerpa
in addition to 4 mangrove plants in it since the beginning. During this period of time I have experienced some problems with the feather
Caulerpa in terms of it growing very well for some time then it starts to turn white and disintegrates. With time I learned to read the signs
when this was going to happen and I just take out the dying ones to avoid the disintegration in the water. Then I switched to grape Caulerpa
and didn't experienced the die-off for several months. The strange thing is that for some time the grape Caulerpa have been disappearing
gradually without signs of whiting like the feather and I am not sure if it has to do with the same phenomena or the reason might be an emerald crab that I added 2 or 3 month ago. I do not think is something related to the water parameters since I have not change anything in the water change schedule or the light schedule, everything have remained constant, even the mangroves have grow like crazy(2 of the plants
already reached the bottom of the main display and started bending as they grew). Any suggestion will be appreciated.
<What you've observed is correct: Caulerpa will undergo reproductive episodes that leave it white and dead, and foul the tank. Please look through our FAQs - and indeed the 'net at large - for many accounts of Caulerpa "going sexual". Constant pruning, or 24/7 lighting, are the only proven methods to mitigate the risk. <<Though not eliminate it. RMF>> For these reasons (and actually many more), other macroalgae are generally preferred over Caulerpa by most aquarists. Best regards, John.>

Caulerpa query   2/22/06
Hi Guys,
<David>
I have Caulerpa prolifera in a Miracle Mud sump.  The set up is about three months old and was doing nicely.  However the Caulerpa is disintegrating.  First the fronds appear covered in tiny hairs then these develop creamy coloured nodules at the ends and then the Caulerpa blade disintegrates.  I tried sending some pictures of this but I guess they did not go through.  The sump is lit 24 hours per day.
<Mmm, I would check your water quality... particularly alkalinity and calcium and magnesium concentrations... and see below>
I have read all about the problems of Caulerpa but living in the West of Ireland take what I can get.  Is this it going sexual?  
<Not likely, no>
Why would it do this?
<Something amiss in the water most probably... or negative interaction with another algal species... chemically>
Is it something else?  I have another macroalgae which looks exactly like terrestrial moss but cannot ID it, any ideas?.
<Bingo... it's likely this other algae mal-affecting your Caulerpa>
Neither can I get my hands on Chaeto.
Thanks
for your endless help.
David
<See WWM re the terms "Algae Allelopathy". Bob Fenner>

Re: Caulerpa query   2/23/06
Hi Bob,
<David>
Thanks for the reply.  
Alkalinity is 10.4, calcium 395 but I have not been measuring/monitoring magnesium.
<Should be present in about a 3:1 ratio with Ca>
  I add Reef Solution at 5ml per week, change 5% water weekly (IO Salt) and top up with Kalkwasser.
<Difficulties with Kalk here very common...>
Have you any idea what the other algae is?  The best description I can give is that it looks exactly like "moss".
<... not much to go on... Perhaps a Derbesia sp. See WWM re Green, other algae identification>
I will try attaching a picture of it again. It is dark green and the stands are "pinnate" it grows unattached in a bunch but has/can attach to the sand substrate.  It also has a very sweet smell. I sourced it from two LFS, one in Ireland one in the UK and neither new what it was just that they had it in their sumps, it "worked" and seemed very hardy.
Thanks
Again
David
<A pic or drawing would help. Bob Fenner>
 

Re: Caulerpa query   2/24/06 Hi Bob, <David> I an trying to resend a pic of the Caulerpa and also of the unidentified algae. <Got them... both appear to be Caulerpa spp.> I am one of those who seen to have a problem getting queries through with attachments so we'll see what happens.  I have searched WWM for an ID on the second algae to no avail. Thanks David <The second may be C. pinnata... See the Net or Baensch V. 1 Marine Atlas, p. 302... perhaps C. flagelliformis in its "small" stage. Bob Fenner>

Caulerpa Invasion - 02/18/06
Dear crew member,
<<EricR here>>
I have a nuisance algae in my tank which (after searching this site and Algaebase) I believe is Caulerpa nummularia - there is also a photo of it on your site, under the heading Marine Algae ID 9.  The email is entitled Algae ID 12/17/05.  It is the photo on the bottom left.
<<Yes, I see it.>>
The thing is, there doesn't seem to be an abundance of information about it out there - or at least, with my amateur research skills, I can't find it.
<<Hmm...a Google search re seems to bring up quite a few "hits"...though only working through them will determine if there is any useful information.>>
What I do know is that it spreads like bird flu and seems impossible, short of a tank tear-down, to eradicate.
<<All the Caulerpa species can be very difficult to remove once entrenched.>>
Do you think a tang species might eat it?
<<Maybe...but I think a Foxface would be a better choice.>>
I don't know if it's toxic or not.  Any help you can give me would be greatly appreciated.
<<Have a look here, I think you'll find it of interest:  http://reefshow.com/html/modules.php?name=AvantGo&file=print&sid=144 >>
Thanks,
Melinda
<<Regards, EricR>>
 

Algae identification and removal 02-05-06 Hi, <Hello> I have a large amount of what appears to be Caulerpa growing in my tank. Today while fumbling through your archives I read that some Caulerpa can give off toxins, which surprised me. <All algae can actually> So I looked through all your algae identification pages, and I found nothing. <Surprising> A close match is Caulerpa racemosa, but I don't think that is it. <Is what this looks like to me> I will be attaching a picture of it. Just in case it did not go through, which it may very well not, I will give a quick description. As all Caulerpa it is based on a vine. On the vine "bubbles" shoot out along the vine. Unlike Caulerpa racemosa, there are two bubbles on opposite sides of the vine, then go up 1/2cm the vine and there are two more "bubbles" on opposite sides of the vine and this continues. So my questions are what is this? And is it a danger to my tank? <In large (relative) quantity, possibly> By the way my yellow tang will not touch it, this leads to my theory of it being undesirable. If I need to remove it what is the best way to do it. Remove it all at once? <If you want> Or remove it over the period of a few days due to the possibility of releasing excessive toxins into the water? <Oh! If you want to remove it entirely, try to take it out all in one go... along with a water change, use of carbon...> Sorry for the lengthy question? <No worries. Bob Fenner> Thanks much, Jed

A Solution to Caulerpa?   1/30/06
Hi everyone,
<Mike G>
I have a lot of Caulerpa in my tank and I read on your site that the lettuce nudibranch will take care of that.  
<Hmm... not in my experience. I've found that the only way to get rid of the blasted stuff is to pull it out by hand, 5 minutes a day, day after day after day. Lettuce Nudibranchs tend to focus on the filamentous Algaes  - Caulerpa is really too tough, I'd think. In any case, none of the several Lettuce Nudibranchs, Sea Hares, Sea Urchins, Blennies, Snails, or crabs that I heard were supposed to eat the stuff would actually eat it, in my experience. There is one species of sea slug - Oxynoe viridis - that will take care of the stuff, but don't count open finding one any time soon.>
My question is, will it harm anything else in my tank?
<Aside from filamentous Algaes, nope.>
I have:  a bubble coral, bubble tip anemone, frog spawn, flaming scallop,
<For the record/readers of this in the FAQs - Not a wise choice. Flame Scallops are next to impossible to keep alive for an extended period of time. A waste of money and life to purchase one.>
orange cup coral, rock anemone, crocea clam, orange linckia that has lost 2 legs, (why?)
<Linckia tend to lose their legs when very stressed or diseased/starving. Again, not a wonderful choice. It could also be the case that something assisted the star in removing the legs, though I'd say that is much less likely.>
and polyps.
<Zoanthids, I assume?>
Maroon clown, firefish, cleaner shrimp, a scooter blenny, a lot of little white starfish  (I don't know what kind they are)
<Asterina sp. - identifying the exact species would be outstandingly difficult. Harmless, interesting. Reproduce via fragmentation. No cause for alarm.>
and a lot of snails.  Thanks for your help.
<Good luck.>
Kris
<Mike G>

Caulerpa racemosa growing conditions, tolerances  12/13/05
By the way I wrote a letter already in your site. But I want it to be sure hehehe... well I just want to ask you about the survival of Caulerpa racemosa with different salinity levels. what would happen to the Caulerpa if it is exposed to high salinity or low salinity levels?
<This species is pretty euryhaline... widely tolerant of changes in specific gravity>
what will happen to the cells?
<Adapt quickly... btw is single celled...>
by the way am KEN from Philippines... am looking forward that you'll answer my question. again thanks in advance...
<Bob Fenner, just back from Indo.!>

Grape Caulerpa 11-16-05
Hey Crew,
<<Hello>>
We have some grape Caulerpa growing in our 50 gallon reef. It's growing fast, too!!
<<Always a bad idea to add Caulerpa to a display, unless you want it to look like a planted freshwater aquarium.>>
What can we do to get rid of it? It's real hard to pull it out  manually, as it is stuck to the rocks.
<<Pull out as much as you can by hand and find a suitable vegetarian to add to your tank. I never suggest adding a fish to fix a mistake in your tank, but a rabbit fish will do wonders for you.>>
<<And likely be too large for this system, if not immediately, then in very short order.  I suggest using this animal only very short term.  MH>>
Any fish or critters??
50 gallon reef
DSB
100 lb live rock
3 Chromis
1 Clown
1 Pseudochromis fridmani
SPS
Ricordea
Xenia
Emerald Crab
Ca 425
Alk. 9.2
Mg 1350
Phosphate .05
Nitrate...undetectable
Any advice is greatly appreciated.
Ronnie NYC
<<TravisM>> 

Dude... DUDE!  Re: Grape Caulerpa 11-19-05
Hey,
<Hello>
I didn't add it, I am aware that this stuff is crap. It grew on it's own...
<That happens.>
Is a rabbit fish the same as a Foxface?
<Yes>
Thank you for your time Dude.
<<The "Dude"...?  MH>>
<No problem.>
Ronnie
<Travis> 

Caulerpa/Cyano in refugium 11/16/05
Hi Crew, For a group of volunteer experts, you guys should be commended for keeping this site so informative and assisting more novices to succeed. 
<Glad you have found the site helpful!>
Parameters: 250 gal. FOWLR with large wet/dry, refugium with live rock rubble/Caulerpa, protein skimmer (producing lots of daily skimmate), 40 watt UV sterilizer, trickle filter box with media pad, activated carbon, and PhosBan. Main display has ~250 lbs. of Tonga live rock, live fine aragonite DSB. On top of the refugium I have mini PC's that run 24/7. 
<All sounds good. Do consider that in order to thrive, Caulerpa needs about the same amount of light as moderate light corals.>
I have a couple of questions: First question is that I seem to be having trouble getting my Caulerpa to thrive or grow in the refugium. The refugium is a section of my wet/dry whereby there is a small power head that pumps water from the main pump section of the wet/dry into the refugium section and the water level weirs over into the skimmer section. The flow seems low but is there none the less. The Caulerpa has been in the refugium for about two months now, and if anything it looks like the "clump" of Caulerpa is shrinking. 
<I would definitely consider current as a culprit. Just like any other marine organism, Caulerpa depends on water movement to deliver nutrients and carry away wastes.>
Concurrently, I have been having a slight amount of Red Cyano forming on the fine DSB in the main display that I seem to have under control but occasionally it reappears. I seem to be an "over feeder" so nutrient export is important to me, hence Caulerpa in the refugium. I thought initially that maybe the Caulerpa did not have enough to thrive on; however with the Cyano forming, and the high fish load, I can't imagine that the Caulerpa wouldn't thrive. 
Last night I went into the refugium section to remove a small amount of red Cyano that formed on top of a section of the Caulerpa and noticed that the Caulerpa was very flimsy and slimy, almost as if I could have agitated the water enough to eliminate the clump. Also it did not seem to have set any hold fasts onto the live rock, but yet it wasn't floating either and there are a few small clumps of it that did attach to the sides of the refugium. I tested Phosphates and the reading was .2 so I am perplexed.
<Obviously, the Caulerpa isn't healthy and growing, so it isn't exporting anything. Sometimes it takes a couple of tries to get it established, so I would suggest trying again and increasing the light and current a bit.>

Attack Of The Caulerpa!  Reefer Forced to Take a Hands-off Approach 10/22/05
I'm hoping someone has a solution for what has me ready to abandon my many years of marine aquarium keeping.
<<uh oh...sounds like trouble...>>
The Caulerpa housed in the refugium has migrated to the main tank and is threatening to completely take over everything.
<<Not uncommon...this genus of macroalgae is known for its invasiveness. One of several reasons I prefer Chaetomorpha for refugium use.>>
Unfortunately, I had hand surgery earlier this year and with my hands in casts was unable to stop the progression in time.
<<Ouch! Hope things are getting better.>>
My tank is sixty gallons and I have, live rock, which is being completely taken over, six small to medium fish and a few corals. I think because of the small size of the tank that a fish big enough to eat this Caulerpa would not fare well, if this is even a possibility.
<<Mmm...maybe>>
Since, my hands are still recuperating does anyone have a solution to this problem?
<<Enlist a friend to help/contact an aquatic service... EricR>>

Caulerpa Suitability 8/9/05
Hi guys! Thank you for your helpful FAQs, you guys have done a great job.  I have a 2x1x1 feet tank, protein skimmed, aeration pumps, undergravel filters, cooling fan and live rocks. I have 2 feather dusters, 4 diff. clown species, 1 domino and 1 yellow tail damsel. All of them are small and doing fine. The lighting is a bit confusing because I place the aquarium outdoors under a shade where there's no direct sunlight but still the daylights outshined my 220 watts twin fluorescents (white and blue actinic). Is this ok if I take in polyps into the sys.?
<If you are talking about Zoanthids, then yes.  I wish we could all use natural sunlight!>
I'm thinking off adding Caulerpa (grape) so as to help with the heavy bioload besides adding color and oxygenating the system. Do you think it will work? <I would not recommend adding Caulerpa to the display.  It is fine in a separate sump or refugium, but there are many problems with placing it in the display. First, it will likely overgrow all of your rock.  This is only a problem if you find it unattractive.  Second, it only oxygenates the water during the day.  At night, it consumes oxygen and could actually deplete oxygen at night.  Last, if you plan to add polyps or other corals, the Caulerpa will probably overgrow them and the chemicals produced by the Caulerpa may inhibit their growth.  If you can add the Caulerpa to a connected tank where it can be controlled, this may be a better option.  This also allows it to be lighted at night so that it is producing oxygen when the display is not and vice versa.>
How do I place them (i.e: aeration, lighting, depths, substrate burial)? Lastly, what would I feed them with? Thank you in advance.  Sam (Malaysia) <Simply dropping some fronds of Caulerpa into the tank will usually get them established and no special care is required. Best Regards.  AdamC.>

What Will Munch Caulerpa? 8/17/05
Hello Bob,
<Actually, Scott F. in tonight!>
First of all, I'd like to say I appreciate your site and am thankful for the help you've given me in the past. I try doing the research myself as I realize your time is valuable.  That said, I've read the algae control FAQ's and the Algae ID'S.  The algae ID section noted that Razor Caulerpa was very hard to get rid of and not very palatable to most fish.
<That's correct. Many fishes will not touch it.>
So I read the algae control FAQ'S and didn’t find Razor Caulerpa specific questions (most just read algae).  I did read that lawn mower blennies do a great job of controlling algae but I wasn’t sure if that applied to razor Caulerpa.
<Not in my experience. It's simply too tough for these guys. In fact, I think that the Lawnmower Blenny is highly overrated as an algae eater...A great fish with a fun personality, but not all that great at consuming algae, IMO.>
So my question is, "What will eat the Razor
Caulerpa?"  I have a 55 gallon tank with a hydor20 canister filter and a power head for water circulation.  There is no media in the canister filter. I top my water off with water from my planted discus tank (remember that question?) and have some mangroves in lieu of protein skimmers and about 4" on aragonite #00 and 50 lbs of live rock.  For lighting, I have two 65 watt 50/50 Power compacts.  I've never had anything die on me except an octopus after about four months.  The water is very clear and everyone seems happy except me because of Razor Caulerpa, which I fear will overtake my tank.  I have about 20 Blue Mushrooms, a Blue Sponge, 1 large Yellow Gorgonian, Sun Polyps (they’ve released spores that matured into little Sun Polyps throughout the tank), a small Orange Starfish covered in what appears to be orange
thorns (not sure what kind it is), a mated pair of False Percula Clowns, a Mandarin Dragonet, and a Pajama Cardinal.  Everyone except the Mandarin (I’ve seen him eat formula 1 in addition to the pods all over the glass) has been in the tank for over a year.  The only mineral supplementing I do is adding one of those little white cubes whenever one runs out which is about every two weeks.  I scrape lots of red and green coralline algae of my glass weekly.  Back to my question, what will help with my Razor Caulerpa problem?  Any advice is much appreciated.  Thank You.
<Well, short of manual extraction, there are not a ton of fishes that will eat the stuff. Some Zebrasoma Tangs will do the job, but you need to have a system that suits the Tang's long term needs. And, Tangs are individuals; some may never touch any Caulerpa at all! You just cannot be certain. I'm afraid that manual extraction is the best bet in dealing with this algae.>
p.s. I did have a Moorish Idol die on me, but it wasn't my fault.  I casually told my wife I'd love to get one someday and one day I came home to see a Moorish idol lying on its side.  She bought it for me while I was at work and it was dead a half hour after I got home. I wanted to yell at her because I’ve advised her against buying stuff without proper research on my part many times but her smile at the thought of the wonderful surprise she thought she was giving me overcame the urge to yell.  Still it was very sad to think the Moorish Idol was pulled from the ocean to die in my tank.  I think she learned her lesson from that (we lucked out on the orange starfish being harmless so far, that was her surprise also).  auughhh
<Well, it is certainly a tragedy that these fishes are available to the causal hobbyist, but here intentions were certainly good. I guess we all need to educate our spouses and significant others on the suitability of some animals for captive life, and the unsuitability of others. It's a good practice for us, for the environment, and for the hobby. Best of luck! Regards, Scott F.>

Caulerpa racemosa raising ammonia? Indirectly 7/18/05
Hey guys,
<And gals>
I bought a handful of racemosa Caulerpa last week and placed it in my sump.  When I got home that night, all my racemosa skipped over my baffles and got sucked into my pump.
<Oh oh>
I saw racemosa floating everywhere.  I know that this type of Caulerpa releases back several compounds.  I immediately checked my water parameters and  ammonia levels spiked up to 1ppm from 0!  I did a large water change ( about 40%), checked my ammonia afterwards and it fell to 0ppm.  I also tried to remove as much of the Caulerpa as possible.  My  fish and corals are ok.  This week, the levels jumped up again but to .5 ppm.  I've never had an ammonia problem.  I did another water change and now the level is down to .25.  I also cleaned my prefilters thinking that there maybe some decaying Caulerpa hanging around.  What else to do you guys suggest I do?  For how long?  I hope that this ammonia problem levels out soon.
Nilesh
<Keep monitoring your water quality, watching your livestock for signs of overt stress... I would place activated carbon, a pad of Polyfilter in your filter flow path... Likely the Caulerpa stressed the livestock, which produced extra ammonia... Bob Fenner>

Substitutes for Caulerpa 7/11/05
Hiya,
    After pouring over the FAQs, I've decided against  Caulerpa. To me, the risks seem to outweigh the benefits. I was wondering what  else I might be able to put in the tank I'm setting up for my tang and other  veggie-munchers to munch on that aren't so potentially deleterious.
Thanks your help,
Marianne
<Read here: http://www.wetwebmedia.com/maralgae.htm
and the linked files above. Bob Fenner>

Caulerpa toxicity! 7/9/05
Hey Anthony,
<M. Maddox here today - not as good, but a lot cheaper! ;)>
I need your help!!!
<Mental or physical?>
I just recently added Caulerpa racemosa to my new refugium.  I know that you're not a big advocate of Caulerpa for nutrient control.
<Not at all - and I've seen it take over tanks, smothering everything in the process>
  I've been careful pruning this algae without actually breaking off dead strands.  Unfortunately, when I stepped out last night, the an entire handful of Caulerpa floated into my pump! When I got home, I found pieces of Caulerpa everywhere in my main tank. I tested the water and found that the Ammonia level hit 1ppm from 0.
<Good god.  100% water change time!>
I've NEVER had any other reading than 0 for ammonia.  I did a 25% water change last night and checked my reading several times afterwards and the ammonia level fell to 0 again.
<I would another, larger water change to be sure - ammonia is BAD>
  I also tried to remove every little piece of Caulerpa from my tank.  I also placed a bag of carbon in my sump.  Do you think that the shredding of this algae caused the ammonia spike?
<Yep>
  Also, what else can I do to reduce the toxins released from this Algae?  More water changes?
<More/larger water changes, carbon, Poly-Filter (the one by PolyBioMarine)>
  I'll carefully test the water for the next few days.  I'll also remove the algae and go for an algae like Chaetomorpha.
<Good idea>
Thanks
Nilesh  
<You're welcome - M. Maddox>

Macro Algae
It is always the concept regarding Caulerpa and other sea weed feed off of the waste and nutrients in the water...but what do they excrete? 
<Basically, oxygen during the day, CO2 at night.> 
They basically filter feed right?
 <They take in dissolved nutrients/organics. James (Salty Dog)>

Re: question about Caulerpa and other seaweeds
If they take in dissolved nutrients and such, they still excrete more than pure CO2 or O2....what I mean to say is you would still need water changes.....no matter how much macroalgae you have, aggressive skimming and water changes are still necessary. <A tank always does better with frequent water changes.  You are replacing many lost trace elements along with reducing nitrate/phosphate levels.  Some companies such as Boyd's advocate no water changes necessary using a product they manufacture called Chemi-Pure.  It is a great product, but it will never replace water changes.>  A lot of people tell me they only put in top off water and never do changes because of skimming and having a refugium, and I was just wondering about this...<Keith, it is very difficult to duplicate nature in small closed systems.  Most seaside aquariums have their water pumped in offshore to replenish/change their seawater in their display tanks.  If they thought they could get away without out it, they would.  James (Salty Dog)>

Trying to Carve a Statue with a Toothpick - Maddening Caulerpa Infestation
Hey all,
I am at the point at which I am considering leaving this hobby. I no longer enjoy looking in at my tank, because all I can see is a jungle of Caulerpa. It kills everything, grows over it. It puts its roots through the mantles of my clams and the flesh of my corals. Just recently I had to snip away a part of my maxima's mantle to free it of "the root of all evil" (Caulerpa = all evil). I have a 4-5 inch thick layer of the stuff on all of the rock, the bottom 2" completely white (starved of light). Just last night, by flashlight, I removed 14 pounds of this aquatic demon. I swear, I am going to start calling people "Caulerpa" as an insult. I hate nothing more than this vile weed. I have set up a series of buckets filled with fresh water to kill whatever I pull out, to watch it deflate pitifully like a wretched little raisin. This brings me great joy, watching it suffer.
Please, someone, anyone, help me! This is my final plea. There is a slug, Oxynoe viridis. I need that slug. It lives on a diet of solely Caulerpa racemosa, and is the answer to my numerous prayers. I have tried everything else short of tearing down the tank. Ripping the damn stuff out is futile. To control it by ripping it out, even aggressively and in such a small tank as mine, is like trying to use a toothpick to carve a statue.
Once again, I ask you all, HELP! I know that all of you are accomplished aquarists, and hail from various places in the world. Someone receiving this email, somewhere, might just be able to locate a (or several) Oxynoe viridis.
Find one for me, and I'll send you a bunch of Caulerpa. :-)
Thanks in advance for finding the slug that will save my tank,
Mike Giangrasso -  WWM Crewmember
<My advice is to sell this rock to any of a number of people that will actually value it for its plant life forms/coverage... 
And replace with new rock (cure for a couple of weeks). It's good to replace rock periodically as it is... and this is an effective solution that is more reliable than months of hopeful natural predation/control. 
A fast and furious fix ;)
It will give you a chance to stack again/better (as with needing to build the rockscape away from all walls... do avoid the reefscape touching glass/walls... severe impediment to water flow overall and all that leads to)
Kindly, Anthony>
<Good advice... and along those same lines... I see Walt Smith took mine and started his "Fiji Gold" (named in honour of the bier there) supplement line. <VBG> B> 

Caulerpa mexicana outbreak 28 March 2005
Hi, 
<Howdy!>
Just an update (as requested) about the Caulerpa outbreak which had taken over my 5' x 2' x 2' for at least two years and was smothering everything, growing back quicker than I could pull it out. Identified as C. mexicana I think. Followed your suggestion six months or so ago. Took all the living rock out and pulled off as much algae as possible, even down to picking bits out with tweezers. Put the rock back and after two months there was slight re-growth which failed to take hold. Not a single strand of the d**n stuff now. Thanks guys. 
<Great to hear.>