FAQs about Nutritional Disease of Tangs FAQs on: Tang Disease 1, Tang Disease 2, Tang Disease 3, Tang Disease 4, Tang Disease 5, Tang Disease 6, Tang Disease 7, Tang Disease 8, Tang Health 9, Tang Disease 10, Tang Disease 11, Tang Disease 12, Tang Disease 13, & FAQs on Tang Disease by Category: Diagnosis, Environmental, Social, Trauma, Pathogenic (plus see below), Genetic, Treatments FAQs by Tang Disease by Pathogen: Tangs/Rabbitfishes & Crypt, Tangs/Rabbits Crypt 2, Tangs/Rabbits Crypt 3, Tangs/Rabbits Crypt 4, & Paravortex/Black Spot Disease, Related Articles: The Surgeonfish family, Acanthurus, Ctenochaetus, Naso, Paracanthurus, Zebrasoma , Prionurus, Surgeonfishes of Hawai'i, Surgeonfishes for Reef Systems,  Infectious Disease,  Related FAQs: Tangs in General, Tang ID, Selection, Tang Behavior, Compatibility, Systems, Feeding, Treating Marine Disease, Marine Diseases 2,

Tangs are amongst the most susceptible fishes to HLLE; other nutritional deficiency syndromes

Surgeonfishes: Tangs for  Marine Aquariums Diversity, Selection & Care New eBook on Amazon: Available here New Print Book on Create Space: Available here by Robert (Bob) Fenner

Need Help (No Info 'Need To Read) -- 06/13/10
I need help...
<<Okay>>
My tang is looking skinny'¦
<<'¦?>>
Can you tell me what I need to do?
<<Not from the lack of info supplied'¦ The issue may be a matter of water quality, parasitic infestation/protozoan infection 'or a matter of starvation'¦ You need to read here (http://www.wetwebmedia.com/Tangdisease.htm) and among ALL of the related links in blue at the top of the pages>>
Also what is the best food to feed all kind of fish in tank...is there a kind of food that will be good for all fish?
<<If the fish will accept it (most do), New Life Spectrum pelleted food is a palatable and nutritious 'all 'round' fish food. Your Tang(s) will also benefit from the addition of some vegetable matter 'I like the Sea Veggies offering from Two Little Fishies>>
Now I have to put in a lot of different food 'is there one that has a mix for all?
<<See above>>
Thank you
<<Happy to share'¦ EricR>>

Tangs Dying  8/16/07 I am having trouble keeping Yellow Tangs alive. The water quality is good, all other fish are thriving. <What other species? Often a good clue...> Tangs settle into tank well for the first 2 - 3 weeks, eat well and look happy. After 3 weeks they suddenly start to behave erratically, diving all over the tank, head first into the sand and appear to have a fit. This behaviour continues for the next 2-3 days until they wedge themselves tight under a rock and die. I am lost as to a solution, all other fish thrive except the Tangs. Thanks Sharon <Something toxic here... likely biological... some sort/species of algae probably... poisoning the Surgeons... I would try placing these Zebrasoma in another system for now... and try this system some months later to see if succession/aging brings about the demise of this deleterious "algae", likely a Cyanobacteria. The Tangs are likely consuming it... Bob Fenner>

Poor Tang Health....diet is to blame I have a yellow tang that I see eating but is extremely skinny. His skin is tight around his bones with no fat what so ever. I feed him frozen brine shrimp and he eats <Ahh...here we are, brine shrimp is virtually devoid of any nutrition....no protein...basically just water, like your or me eating popcorn or crackerjacks or whatever it is the devil kids eat these days (I'm only 20 but that's not a kid ok?).  For protein try something of a marine origin, mysids.....krill, etc. . Furthermore surgeons rely on vegetable matter to make up most of their diet, try some sushi Nori.  We need more variety my friend.> No other signs of disease. Tank set up for over 1 year. I have a snowflake eel, striped damsel, yellow tale damsel and misc. cleaning crew. Haven't witnessed it getting attacked or chased by anything else in tank. Worried it might starve to death. What would cause an eating fish to be so skinny (looks like Nicole Ritchie!). <Ooh....that's a good one....> thanks <Anytime, Adam_J.>

Question regarding a sick tang  12/23/06 Hello WWM Crew <Cole> Hopefully you can help me with the following problem. I'm getting pretty desperate and I'm worried sick about my tang. I went on vacation for a week and had someone look after my tanks. When I came home I noticed my orange shoulder tang kept hiding and didn't eat anymore. <Unusual for such a bold species once acclimated> The person who looked after the tank told me that the tang stopped eating 3 days after I left. We usually feed them twice a day but when we were away, he only got fed once a day. I've been home for a week and he's still not eating. He hides in a cave all day and only comes out when the lights go off. He swims around and it almost seems like he can't see well and he keeps swimming into things. I put my hand in the tank and he bumped into it. He spends a lot of time swimming up and down in one corner. All the levels are normal and none of the other fishes are sick. (He shares the tank with Anthias, a flame angel, a coral beauty, several cardinals etc) All the SPS and LPS corals and a sea star are doing ok. I've had him for over year and a half and he's been very healthy until now. He used to like eating from my hand and interacting with me daily. He was always more like a puppy than a fish. I can't see any visible marks/fungus or spots on him. He's not scratching or twitching and his balance seems ok. I don't think his eyes are cloudy either. He doesn't seem to have any HLLE symptoms either. I could take him out and put him in a separate tank and treat him but I'm not sure what to treat him with. I understand sometimes tangs get stressed out and get sick. Is it possible that someone else looking after the tank caused him to get stressed out? <Mmm, no> What could cause his illness? <Most likely a nutritional deficiency... possibly a pathogenic disease... internal... specific to this one fish> Anything I can do? I added a new ChemiPure, a PolyFilter and did a partial water change already and been over skimming for several days. <All good moves> I haven't moved him as I'm worried about stressing him out even more. What could I treat him with? Thank you in advance for any help and advice. Cole in Vancouver, Canada <I would add a vitamin supplement both to offered foods and to the water directly. Please read here: http://wetwebmedia.com/nutrdisf.htm Bob Fenner>

Blonde Naso Tang problem   9/2/06 Hello, I hope you can give me some advice.  I have a blonde Naso tang that I've cared for since April 2000.  He is about 25 cm long, full-bodied, and up until this morning, healthy. "Blondie" usually eats from my hand, however today will not eat anything.  He has a bulge about half way down his right side. <One sided I'll take it> There is no outward ulceration, however he does have several little nips on his underbelly, I presume from the engineer gobies at feeding time.  These little markings have been around for quite some time.  He has no outward signs of disease (no redness on gills, no torn fins, his eyes seem clear, etc.), except he's acting different.  Instead of eating, he swims up to the glass with his bulge towards me and works his mouth, almost as if he is gasping. Blondie shares a 75 gal. <Too small> tank with a brown sailfin tang, 2 engineer gobies (about 20cm each), 2 clown fish, 2 cleaner shrimp and a brittle star fish. Everyone else seems fine. Thank you for your time; I really hope you can help me. Best regards, Sue Kavelman <Mmm... it may be that this Naso has "just" swallowed too much gravel (they do this, analogous to the "crop" of chickens) and is suffering some sort of gut blockage... Perhaps addition of Epsom Salt (see WWM re) will help move this. Otherwise, offering of algae (on a feeding clip is best, so you can monitor, keep it from the Pholodichthys...). In the longer term (if there is one), this fish needs much larger quarters... at least a six foot length run/world. Bob Fenner>
Re: Blonde Naso Tang problem  - 09/02/06 Thanks for the quick reply.  My responses are below. > Hello, I hope you can give me some advice.  I have a blonde Naso tang that I've cared for since April 2000.  He is about 25 cm long, full-bodied, and up until this morning, healthy. > "Blondie" usually eats from my hand, however today will not eat anything. > He has a bulge about half way down his right side. > <One sided I'll take it> [Yes, just the right side, and I don't think it's getting any larger.] > There is no outward ulceration, however he does have several little nips on his underbelly, I presume from the engineer gobies at feeding time. > These little markings have been around for quite some time.  He has no outward signs of disease (no redness on gills, no torn fins, his eyes seem clear, etc.), except he's acting different.  Instead of eating, he swims up to the glass with his bulge towards me and works his mouth, almost as if he is gasping. > Blondie shares a 75 gal. > <Too small> [You're right, we have quite a bit of live rock in the tank - do you think I should remove several pieces to allow more swim room?  It will be hard to part with him, but if he recovers from this illness, I will find him a new home.] <Needs at least a six foot long system...> > tank with a brown sailfin tang, 2 engineer gobies (about 20cm each), 2 clown fish, 2 cleaner shrimp and a brittle star fish. Everyone else seems fine. > Thank you for your time; I really hope you can help me. > Best regards, > Sue Kavelman > <Mmm... it may be that this Naso has "just" swallowed too much gravel (they do this, analogous to the "crop" of chickens) and is suffering some sort of gut blockage... Perhaps addition of Epsom Salt (see WWM re) will help move this. [I read the FAQ on Epsom Salts and have a couple of questions.  In reply to an enquiry from 3/1/2006 regarding the safety of Epsom salts in the main display, it was recommended to reduce the usual dose by half.  The advice reads that instead of 1 tablespoon/5 gal to reduce the amount to 1 teaspoon/10 gal, which is actually quite a bit less than half.  My tank is rated at 75 gal and there is quite a bit of live rock, so I've estimated there is only about 40 gallons of actual water in the tank. <Likely a good guess>   I dosed the tank with 4 teaspoons of Epsom salts this morning and aside from annoying all the fish in the tank, nothing has happened to lessen the swelling on Blondie's side.  (I think your diagnosis of a blockage could be correct as I don't recall seeing any defecation in the last few days.)  How long should I wait before expecting some results?  Should I dose again with the same amount of salts or change the dosage?] <Takes a few days to a couple of weeks... I would replace/replenish the Epsom with the commensurate amount of seawater removed/replaced> Otherwise, offering of algae (on a feeding clip is best, so you can monitor, keep it from the Pholodichthys...). [I've tried offering fresh Caulerpa (?) from my daughter's tank, however no one in the tank seems interested in it. <Mmm, Nasos don't generally find Caulerpaceans palatable... eat more Brown and Red Divisions...> I usually feed dried Spirulina algae flakes and offer dried seaweed in the veggie clip - are you recommending a specific kind of algae?] <At the Division level, yes> In the longer term (if there  is one), this fish needs much larger quarters... at least a six foot length run/world. Bob Fenner> <Bob Fenner>
Re: Attn: Bob Fenner- Naso Tang problem  - 09/02/06 Sorry, I don't understand what you mean.  I dosed the tank with 4 tsps of Epsom salts dissolved in the top up water I was adding this morning. <Good> Should I just leave things as they are or add more Epsom? <Only replace the part/percentage of Epsom removed if/when you change out water...> We were going to do a water change this weekend (usually about 20 gal.) - is this okay, and if so, how much Epsom salts should I add after the change? <Two teaspoons> When you refer to algae Divisions, is that a brand name?   <Mmm, nope... is the botanical taxonomic equivalent to zoological phylum, plural, phyla... The Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta in this case> I know of no source for live algae, however red and brown dried in sheets is available - will that suffice? <Ah, yes. This is it. Sorry for the lack of clarity. Bob Fenner> Thanks, Sue

Sick Yellow-Eyed Tang  8/31/05 Hey there, <Hi> Great website, but it's a little hard to navigate and search. <Do you have (specific) suggestions on how we might improve these aspects?> Good resource nevertheless.  I wanted to seek some professional advice about my sick yellow-eyed tang.  I purchased it about 3-4 weeks ago.  My 60 gallon tank has been cycled through for a few weeks before that, and I introduced a small spotted damsel to start the bio-cycle.  When I purchased the yellow-eyed tang, I also introduced a small clown fish at the same time.  I secluded the damsel in fear that it would be too aggressive for the clown and the tang, but after rearranging the live-rock and releasing the damsel after a few days, they seemed to get along quite well. Very recently within the past 24 hours, my yellow-eyed tang had secluded itself under a large piece of live-rock and didn't come out of its hiding place.  Usually, it would be waiting with the other two fish for me to feed them.  Before yesterday, the tang seemed to be swimming very normally, and I fed it Formula 2 pellets w/ garlic.  He seemed to be eating those fine, but wasn't too keen on the seaweed sheets. <Takes time... familiarity> I did an immediate 10-15% water change, and lifted the live-rock it was hiding under, only to find the tang on its side and breathing heavily. I do not have a quarantine tank, so I had to seclude it in a small glass fish-bowl that is semi submerged in my 60-gallon tank.  My only other idea was to place it in the homemade sump, but was afraid of the water pump catching the tang in its vacuum inlets.  I've attached two pictures of the tang.  It is still breathing and still has normal coloration. The only other symptoms are that it looks anorexic (it has only looked this way within the last 24 hours), and seems to swim normally when in a gentle current.    Any help/advice is appreciated. <Mmm, well, this specimen is badly emaciated... starved... So, at least part of the answer here is poor handling prior to your receiving the fish... "It has a low index of fitness"... this coupled with stress of moving, a new tank... I would return it to the main tank, and hope it recovers of its own accord... Do take a look at pix of other/healthy Ctenochaetus species... notice how much more well-fleshed they are. Yours is way too skinny. Bob Fenner>

Re: sick tang mentioned in today's daily 8/21/05 Just thought might add to the problem with the blue tang.  That may be cyanided to check the WWM link about Methylene blue dips.  As in that page it is mentioned that Methylene blue works well with reversing the effects of cyanide. <Thanks much for this. Will post/share for current and future situations. Bob Fenner>

Tang In Trouble? (Getting Tang To Eat Post-Copper Treatment) 7/22/05 Greetings, <Hi there! Scott F. with you today!> Help, my Yellow Tang is in grave trouble.  Three weeks ago I noticed Ich pustules on the fins of my Yellow Tang and Purple Pseudochromis in my 60gal reef.  I followed the recommendations I found on this site and quickly set-up a 20gal bare-bottom hospital tank, administered fresh water dip, and transferred all my fish to it (Yellow Tang, Purple Pseudochromis, Three-stripe Damsel, pair of Ocellaris clowns). <Good moves..> I treated the hospital tank for 2 weeks with SeaChem Cupramine (at 82F), and after that I started  biological/carbon filtration with Penguin 100 bio-wheel filter and daily 10-20% water changes using fresh RO/DI water mixed with IO.  The main tank has been running fallow at 84F.  After 3 weeks, all the fish except the Yellow Tang appear healthy and active.  The Tang looks wafer-thin and has stopped eating.  He will not touch sea-weed, and is barely moving. Just stays in the corner and looks miserable. What should I do?   <Hmm.. tough one. Although copper treatments can be used with many fishes, including Tangs, not all of them take it well. They have digestive fauna that enable them to process food which, if damaged-can result in the fish having difficulty eating. Collateral damage, if you will. In the case of this fish, I'd operate under the assumption that either copper may have affected his digestive tract, or that some sort of secondary infection has occurred. Discontinuing the copper treatment was a good call on your part. I would continue with regular water changes and increased filtration/aeration. Before returning this fish to the display, I'd make sure that he is eating. If he cannot be tempted with foods such as Nori and the conventional frozen foods, I would try to get some fresh macroalgae (my choice would be Gracilaria, aka "Ogo", which you can get from e-tailers such as Indo Pacific Sea Farms and others)-any macroalgae at this point...In fact, getting a fresh live rock with some microalgae attached would also be a good idea. Anything to stimulate him to "graze" again.> It's been 3 weeks exactly and I'm tempted to put him back in the main reef tank. He  looks like he could drop from starvation at any time.   I realize that minimum 30 days is required to keep the Ich from coming back, but I just worry that if I don't put him back into his familiar reef where he can graze on algae, he will not make it.   What should I do?   Thank you for your help - Rob <Well, Rob- as indicated above- I'd rather "bring the reef to him" by dropping in some rocks and fresh macroalgae to help nurse him through this tough period. Although the situation may be critical, these fishes can go a remarkably long time without eating. Be sure that all of the copper is removed from the water (use a good copper test kit, like Seachem's), and use copper removing media such as Poly Filter or Seachem's product (the name escapes me at the moment) if you still have residual copper readings. Also, consider the use of some liquid vitamins (such as Boyd Vita Chem) administered directly to the water (fish do drink) to provide at least a possibility of supplemental nourishment for him. Hang in there...stay with him, and don't give up. I've seen this before, and these guys CAN recover. Good luck! Regards, Scott F.>

Purple Tang with horrible HLLE (and he does mean HORRIBLE)... Will he recover with time (this is not due to my neglect but purchased with some other tank inhabitants from a tank being torn down)? What specifically should I be feeding him? <Vitamins A, D, E enriched foods, supplements to the water... Please read here: http://wetwebmedia.com/hllefaqs.htm and the next Related FAQ file... linked above> I was thinking frozen Marine A/brine shrimp with Zoecon and garlic. His behavior is normal but he sure is ugly. I doubt I could even find him a home if I did want to get rid of him for a healthier specimen. I wouldn't want to kill him in favor of a new fish but I can't have two in a 150 and a fish store certainly isn't going to take him... Thanks for all the help, y'all rock! Cheers, Marshall <Use of "mud" filtration has been shown to improve this condition remarkably as well... basically any/all efforts at improving water quality and/or nutrition are to the good. Bob Fenner>

Re: Purple Tang with horrible HLLE - There IS Hope! Bob, Thanks for the reply. Given his current state and taking the nutritional recommendations to heart (am always trying to improve water quality), what would you estimate his recovery to be? Expect him to look more normal to the point where people don't wonder what's wrong with that fish (restoration of the dorsal fin, reduced scarring)? Cheers, Marshall <I have witnessed "terrible" cases of neuromast destruction, involving surrounding tissue, that were completely, undetectably cured. Bob Fenner>

Sailfin Tang/HLLE Hello, <<And hello to you, JasonC at your service...>> My Sailfin tang has developed a pretty serious case of HLLE. Most of its face is worn away, and his lateral line is worn away too. Is there any way to cure this. He has been living with this for a long time now and is doing fine. It is just ugly looking. I have vitamins, and iodine. I also have one of those metal rods that remove extra electricity from the tank. Is there any way to cure this?  <<HLLE is typically caused by nutritional deficiencies. What are you feeding? I'd begin here. Do also read through the HLLE faq on our site: http://www.wetwebmedia.com/hllefaqs.htm  Cheers, J -- >>
Re: HLLE I feed frozen algae formulas, the algae sheets you put on a clip, Spirulina pellets, I also feed brine shrimp that is mixed with Spirulina. I soak the food in vitamins also. Thank you for your help!!! <<Sounds pretty good except for the brine shrimp - less nutrition than potato chips, even with the vitamin enhancements. You might try substituting these with Mysis shrimp. The algae are good, but you might want to try and get some live algal material in there as well. Perhaps more, or renewed live rock... these fish like to pick at the fauna on live rock all day long. Cheers, J -- >>

Tangs/HLLE I have a blue regal and a yellow eyed tang in two different aquariums, both have had HLLE for quite some time now. I have asked many different people on how to help clear this up and have gotten a variety of answers, most stating water quality, diet, live rock, electrical current in the water and vitamins.  <many theories yes... none definitive. Diet is at least contributory... electricity is a weak argument. Live rock with lush macroalgae is clearly a help. Natural sunlight is perhaps the best solution of all> I have tried just about everything I've been told to help clear them up. The blue regal has shown some improvement, however the yellow eyed has gotten much worse. (All of my other fish are in excellent health) They are both very healthy looking otherwise and are veracious eaters.  <what kind of diet?> I saw on your Q & A page about the use of baby vitamins, iodide and vitamin prep s. I have never heard this, what dosage would you use for the baby vitamins? I have 90 and 70 gallon tank. As for the iodide and vitamin prep s, I'm not sure what they are, where they can be found or what dosage to use. Is there anything else besides this that I can do? I try to do the best I can for my pets and any advice will be greatly appreciated, Thanks, Georgia <the best way to dose vitamin supplements is in a prepared recipe to be ingested (much better than putting in the water). I like using the baby vitamins and Selcon (HUFA supplement... an aquarium product). Do use the Google search tool on this site and beyond to discover fish food recipes that suit your fish load (mostly herbivorous fishes). Making your own fish food is a great way to save money and offer high quality food to your fishes. Kindly>

Mr. Fenner, Recently, Richard Stratton answered a letter in his TFH column Salt Solutions, concerning tang diets. I am currently conducting research on this topic. In his answer, he briefly mentioned the microfauna found in their guts. I mailed Mr. Stratton concerning his references for information about this microfauna and he replied that the most immediate source that he had was your book, The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Since I do not own a copy of your book, could you mail me any possible references that you have on this topic. I have found a lot of articles that talk about this topic but none that contain research findings or any references to research. Thanks for any information that you can give me. Tony Moore, M.Sc. Aquarium Biologist The Living Seas/Epcot <I have often mentioned the loss of gut microfauna of Acanthuroids as a consequence of exposure to copper, other chemical "remedies"... Stemming from work I am associated with from the early 1980s, testing anti-fouling paints (organo-tins, copper...) in San Diego (a related lab in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu)... for the US military. Don't know if in writing for ornamental aquatics literature if this is specifically cited. My coverage of these groups and bibliographies can be found: http://www.wetwebmedia.com/tangs,.htm and beyond... but I would go to a large/college library, or if you have access to the Zoological Record/BIOSIS at your facility, search the literature under the key terms. Bob Fenner>
My own question of the day (Re: Fw: Tang gut microfauna) on this one... James - has the job I wanted when I was younger - my experience with HLLE is all nutrition related. Without all circumstances, hard to know... perhaps treatment has nuked microfauna, which in turn is blocking some kind of nutrient uptake... interesting. You know this microfauna thing much better than me. Certainly large displays like EPCOT-living seas are subject to different factors hobbyists like myself can barely comprehend - giant captive system, like big forest of single-species tree. One small disease/pathogen, and lots of capable hosts and you got yourself an outbreak. Interesting problem. <Jason...> Is that a chiding there or am I just off the scent? Curious. Did read your reply to the same. Thanks. J -- <Much more, directed could be stated... hard to say what size system, water, food treatment protocols might be utilized here... and always an important element of responding to bear in mind the "browser effect"... that is, how the input may/will be taken by other folks who read it... perhaps (yes) years from now... Something for everyone (if possible/practical) of a broad interest, ability level. If a very involved topic, an addition to "the writing list" to either send a more definitive reference (in this case "to the library") or pen a feature/article. Bob Fenner>
Fw: Tang gut microfauna Hello Bob, Here is an e-mail that came to me. There have been a few in the last week, but this one more from a colleague rather than a customer. Hope all is well. Take care, Don P.S. I was in S.D. a few weeks ago and met one of your roommates friends. Jamie from New Jersey. Small world! <Hmm, Jamie from NJ? My wife's family live there... but don't know of a Jamie...>
Re: Tang gut microfauna Mr. Fenner, Thanks for your prompt reply. I'll see what I can find using the references that you have sited. The research that we are pursuing are the possible agents causing HLLE. <The Octamita/Hexamita chase? Let's chat this over> As a preliminary to this, we have yellow tangs that we have been treating and are looking for others who may have identified microfauna from the gut to compare with some things that we have uncovered, primarily flagellates. My literature searches using several scientific databases have been mostly unfruitful so far. <There are a few celebrated "causes"... I'm decided that this "condition" is mostly nutritional, but multi-causal in nature. Please read through (credit to Stan Sniezsko, not I) the following: http://www.wetwebmedia.com/mardisease.htm  and http://www.wetwebmedia.com/hllefaqs.htm Bob Fenner> Tony Moore, M.Sc. Aquarium Biologist The Living Seas/Epcot 407-560-7666

Black tang w/ intestinal blockage? Hi Bob, I am e-mailing you as a last resort, because I believe my black tang has an intestinal blockage. The tang is about 3" and has been in my reef tank about six months. The tang has always been a voracious eater of Nori, lettuce, live macro algae, Mysis shrimp, and formula one, so I believe it isn't linked to a bad diet. The tang looks perfect on the outside, except that in the bottom "stomach" are of the fish, the front section is swollen and the back section is emaciated. The tang is breathing a little bit harder then normal, but not super fast. I have read that Epsom salt can be used as a laxative for fish, but will it work for a marine fish?  <Yes... as a dip/bath (not in the main tank of course), about a tablespoon per gallon, just in pH adjusted, dechloraminated freshwater... for ten minutes or so> Thank you for any input you may have on the situation, or if it is indeed a blockage. Thanks, Ethan Fisher <Good luck to you and your tang my friend. Bob Fenner>
Re: Black tang w/ intestinal blockage? Thank you for the information on using the Epsom Salt, because it worked very well. The tang passed whatever it ate and is now eating and back in the reef tank. <Ah, great news... Epsom/magnesium sulfate can work wonders. Bob Fenner>

Surgeonfishes: Tangs for  Marine Aquariums Diversity, Selection & Care New eBook on Amazon: Available here New Print Book on Create Space: Available here by Robert (Bob) Fenner